| Independent Temp. (°C) | CO₂ @ 5 Mins (mL) | CO₂ @ 10 Mins (mL) | CO₂ @ 15 Mins (mL) | Average Rate (mL/min) |
|---|
| Flask 1 (10°C) [Cold] | 0.5 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 0.14 |
| Flask 2 (25°C) [Room Temp] | 4.1 | 10.4 | 16.5 | 1.10 |
| Flask 3 (40°C) [Optimal Warm] | 12.5 | 28.0 | 42.3 | 2.82 |
| Flask 4 (55°C) [Very Hot] | 1.5 | 3.2 | 4.8 | 0.32 |
| Flask 5 (70°C) [Scalding] | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 |
1. Describe the trend. What happens to gas production as water warms from 10°C to 40°C, and then from 40°C to 70°C? [Clue: Look at Flask 3 vs Flask 5]
2. At 70°C, CO₂ gas drops to zero. Why do high temperatures hurt living yeast? [Clue: Think about denaturing cellular proteins or killing yeast cells]
3. Fill in the variables below based on Table 1.1:
Independent Variable (What did we change?):
Water _______________________
Dependent Variable (What did we measure?):
Volume of ___________________
4. Suggest two variables that must stay identical across all flasks to ensure the test is fair.
Unit 1: The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Page 2 of 3
Microbial Fermentation Setup
HANDS-ON EXPLORATION
| Experimental Group | 3 Mins | 6 Mins | 9 Mins | 12 Mins | 15 Mins (Final) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tube 1 (Table Sugar) | |||||
| Tube 2 (Honey) | |||||
| Tube 3 (Wheat Flour) | |||||
| Tube 4 (Water Only Setup) |
Claim: Which fuel source makes yeast produce gas the fastest?
Sentence Starter: "Based on our lab, yeast produces gas fastest when fed..."
Evidence: Support your claim with exact numbers from your table.
Sentence Starter: "Our data shows that Tube 1 reached _____ cm at 15 minutes, while Tube 4 reached _____..."
Reasoning: Explain the scientific reason behind your results.
Sentence Starter: "Yeast cells metabolize simple sugars faster because..."
Unit 1: The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Page 3 of 3
Between 10°C and 40°C, gas production increases rapidly from 2.1 mL to 42.3 mL as thermal kinetic energy boosts enzyme-substrate molecular collisions. Beyond 40°C, activity drops drastically, collapsing to zero at 70°C.
The high heat has denatured the yeast's vital respiratory proteins/enzymes, permanently altering their 3D shape and active sites, disabling all biochemical pathways.
IV: Temperature of the water bath (°C)
DV: Volume of CO₂ produced (mL)
Concentration/mass of glucose, strain/mass of yeast, and fluid volume (50 mL).
| Component | Excellent (4-5 Pts) | Approaching (2-3 Pts) | Needs Work (0-1 Pts) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Claim | Directly answers fuel source effectiveness; is clear and single-sentenced. | Answers question but vague or too wordy. | Missing or incorrect claim. |
| Evidence | Cites exact numerical metrics from the data log at specific time steps. | Refers to trend but omits raw figures/units. | No empirical data cited. |
| Reasoning | Explains chemical digestion speed (simple sugar vs starch macromolecule). | Lists science concepts with no clear connection to evidence. | Inaccurate or absent biology explanation. |
Sourdough Science: Teacher Guide Page 2 of 2
Coil Inductance Output Data Table Table 2.1
| Independent Coils (Turns) | Trial 1 (clips) | Trial 2 (clips) | Trial 3 (clips) | Average Clips Lifted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 Wraps [Zero-wrap baseline] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 15 Wraps [Low Loops] | 6 | 5 | 7 | 6.0 |
| 30 Wraps [Medium Loops] | 12 | 13 | 14 | 13.0 |
| 45 Wraps [High Loops] | 22 | 21 | 23 | 22.0 |
| 60 Wraps [Maximum Loops] | 31 | 32 | 33 | 32.0 |
1. Describe the exact physical relationship between coil turn count and average clips lifted. Support your claim using average data from 15 wraps and 60 wraps. [Clue: As wraps quadrupled (15 to 60), did the average clips increase or decrease?]
2. The average clips lifted at 60 wraps is 32.0. If one clip weighs exactly 0.5 grams, calculate the total average mass of paperclips this setup held suspended. [Formula: Average clips count × 0.5 grams = ______ grams]
3. Fill in the variables below based on Table 2.1:
Independent Variable:
Number of _________
Dependent Variable:
Total _____________
4. Why was it vital to keep the electrical voltage input constant at exactly 3.0 Volts throughout this investigation? [Clue: Changing voltage would change the electrical current, making it unfair]
Unit 2: Forces, Fields, and electromagnetism Page 2 of 3
Testing Electric Current & Magnetic Attraction
HANDS-ON EXPLORATION
| Setup Group | Trial 1 (clips) | Trial 2 (clips) | Trial 3 (clips) | Average Count |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Setup 1 (20 wraps) | ||||
| Setup 2 (40 wraps) | ||||
| Setup 3 (60 wraps) |
Claim: How does turn count of coils impact electromagnet capacity?
Sentence Starter: "Based on our lab, winding more turns of wire around the nail makes the electromagnet..."
Evidence: Reference exact numbers from your group data.
Sentence Starter: "Our data shows that with 20 wraps we lifted _____ clips, but with 60 wraps we lifted an average of _____..."
Reasoning: Explain the physical science reasons.
Sentence Starter: "This happens because each extra coil wrap adds magnetic field loops together, which..."
Unit 2: Forces, Fields, and electromagnetism Page 3 of 3
Coil Inductance Output Data Table — POPULATED Table 2.1
| Independent Coils (Turns) | Trial 1 (clips) | Trial 2 (clips) | Trial 3 (clips) | Average Clips Lifted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 Wraps | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 15 Wraps | 6 | 5 | 7 | 6.0 |
| 30 Wraps | 12 | 13 | 14 | 13.0 |
| 45 Wraps | 22 | 21 | 23 | 22.0 |
| 60 Wraps | 31 | 32 | 33 | 32.0 |
1. Describe the exact physical relationship between coil turn count and average clips lifted. Support your claim using average data from 15 wraps and 60 wraps.
There is a direct linear relationship between coils and holding capacity. As wraps quadruple from 15 to 60 turns, the average number of steel paperclips suspended increased proportional-scale from 6.0 to 32.0 clips.
2. The average clips lifted at 60 wraps is 32.0. If one clip weighs exactly 0.5 grams, calculate the total average mass of paperclips this setup held suspended. Show math.
32.0 clips × 0.5 grams per clip = 16.0 grams of total suspended mass.
3. Fill in the variables below based on Table 2.1:
Independent Variable:
Number of Coil Turns (Coil Count)
Dependent Variable:
Total Clips Lifted (Count)
4. Why was it vital to keep the electrical voltage input constant at exactly 3.0 Volts throughout this investigation? Use electricity and field concepts.
Voltage drives the total current flow amplitude through the circuit (Ohm's Law: I = V/R). If voltage fluctuated, current would change, generating magnetic flux changes independent of coil count and ruining the single-variable validity.
Unit 2: Forces, Fields, and electromagnetism Page 2 of 3 (KEY)
CONFIDENTIAL KEY
CONFIDENTIAL KEY
Typical Student Outcomes & Write-Up Key
LAB KEY & EXEMPLARS
| Setup Group | Trial 1 (clips) | Trial 2 (clips) | Trial 3 (clips) | Average Count (KEY) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Setup 1 (20 wraps) | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8.7 |
| Setup 2 (40 wraps) | 18 | 17 | 19 | 18.0 |
| Setup 3 (60 wraps) | 31 | 29 | 32 | 30.7 |
Claim: Answer the inquiry question: How does the turn count of conductive coils impact electromagnet capacity?
Winding more turns of conductive insulated copper wire around the core nail directly and scale-proportional boosts the total force and holding capacity of the electromagnet.
Evidence: Reference exact trial values and average paperclip counts logged in your group table above.
Our data shows that wrapping 20 wire turns attracted an average of 8.7 paperclips, which scaled up to 18.0 average clips at 40 wraps, and reached a maximum of 30.7 average clips at 60 wraps.
Reasoning: Detail the electrical induction mechanism (current flow, concentric magnetic loops adding together, aligning core domains).
Electric current traveling through wire wraps induces a circular magnetic vector field around the wire. When wrapped concentrically, these field lines reinforce on the same axial direction. Increasing wrap count packs more loops together, boosting magnetic flux density which forces dormant magnetic domains in the iron nail to align constructively.
Unit 2: Forces, Fields, and electromagnetism Page 3 of 3 (KEY)
