Founding Fractures Lesson Script Founding Fractures
Lesson Script & Facilitation Guide
Gov • Sec 3
Time
45–60m
Goal
ID Weaknesses of AOC & Impact of Shays'
Support
TPS, Jotting, IEP/LEP Scaffolds
1. The Hook: Roommates (7m)
"Imagine 13 friends renting a house. Nobody is in charge. You need 9 to agree on rules, and you can't force anyone to pay rent. What happens when the roof leaks?"
Instructions:
Think-Pair-Share: Focus on the chaos of decentralized power.
Sentence Frame: "It would be hard to ________ because ________."
2. Context: A Weak Start (10m)
Slides 1-3. Explain the Articles of Confederation . Americans were scared of "tyrants."
Monitoring Tip:
Ensure IEP students understand that the states held ALL the power, while the national gov had none.
3. Reading & Stop-and-Jot (20m)
Distribute the Annotated Reading (versions in English, Spanish, Persian provided).
Reading Flow:
Facing Problems: 3 major tasks.
State Govs: Shared features.
The AOC: Weaknesses & Gridlock.
Teacher Script:
"Stop here. Look at the text about taxes. If Congress can't levy taxes, how do they pay the army? Jot down your thought."
4. Review & Shays' (15m)
Transition to Section 3 Review Worksheet . Monitor for completion and use of annotations.
Active Monitoring Checklist:
Use of Word Bank for vocab (LEP).
Response to Q3c (opinion change).
Check for understanding of "Bicameral."
8.5 x 11 Format • Founding Fractures Lesson Plan
Founding Fractures Annotated Reading Founding Fractures
Reading & Guided Annotations
Name: __________________________
Date: __________
Section 3
The Need for a New Plan
The first attempt by the United States to form a new government... succeeded in some respects while it failed in others. After a few years, however, the problems facing the new nation had become so serious that American leaders called for a better plan.
Facing Serious Problems
The signing of the Declaration of Independence marked the birth of a new nation. The new nation faced three major tasks:
Win a war against the British.
Organize new state governments.
Establish a national government.
Fighting the Revolution
The struggle was made more difficult for several reasons: the states had little experience working together, the new nation lacked an army, and state militias were poorly trained. The Continental Congress could not control counterfeiting or maintain a stable economy.
Creating State Governments
By 1780, most states had adopted written constitutions. Some simply revised their colonial charters. Shared features included clearly spelled out rights, a bill of rights (in 7 states), and the principle that government exists only with the consent of the governed .
Each state had an elected legislature. Most were bicameral, consisting of a senate and a house of representatives.
The Articles of Confederation
Completed in 1777, the Articles of Confederation (AOC) were the nation's first constitution. People felt more loyalty to their states and were unwilling to grant the national government too much power.
AOC Provisions:
Congress was the national governing body.
Power to declare war and sign treaties.
Each state had an equal vote in Congress.
Restrictions on National Government
Power to Pass Laws
At least 9 of 13 states had to approve a law. Reaching agreement was difficult and slow.
Power to Tax
Congress could not levy taxes. It could only ask states for money. Funds were often in short supply.
Power to Regulate Trade
States acted independently, sometimes imposing tariffs on each other.
Shays' Rebellion
After the war, crop prices fell. Farmers had borrowed money they couldn't repay. Massachusetts raised taxes, leading to foreclosures. In 1786, Daniel Shays led 2,000 angry farmers to attack courthouses and an arsenal.
Impact: Leaders realized the national government was too weak to maintain order. This led to calls for a convention to "fix" the government.
Q3a Help
Check the "Facing Serious Problems" section for the 3 main tasks.
Stop and Jot
Why was lack of experience working together a problem?
Q3b Help
The "Restrictions" section explains how the AOC weakened the government.
Stop and Jot
Why did they limit the power to tax?
Vocab Scaffolding
Levy: Force a payment.Tariff: Tax on imports.Bicameral: Two parts (Senate/House).Revenue: Tax income. Founding Fractures Review Worksheet Section 3 Review
The Need for a New Plan
Name: _________________________
Date: _________________________
1
Defining Constitutional Terms
Militia • Charter • Legislature • Tariff • Revenue
a. Militia:
b. Charter:
c. Legislature:
d. Tariff:
e. Revenue:
2
Using a Primary Source
"I see one head gradually changing into 13... I see the powers of Congress declining too fast... as a good representative body of America." — George Washington, 1780
Did Washington want a strong national government or 13 strong state governments?
Sentence Starter: Based on the quote, Washington favored ________ because ________.
3
Reviewing Main Ideas
a. What issues did Americans face after they declared independence from Britain?
b. List three ways in which the AOC weakened the new national government.
c. How did Shays' Rebellion change people's opinions about the AOC?
Before the rebellion, people thought ________, but after they realized ________.
4
Critical Thinking
Why do you think the AOC was more successful during the war than after it ended?
Founding Fractures Answer Key Answer Key
Section 3 Review • Founding Fractures
Official Key
1
Vocabulary Terms
Militia: A military force called up for service during emergencies.
Charter: A legal document defining the purpose and privileges of a colony or corporation.
Legislature: A government agency responsible for making laws.
Tariff: A charge or tax placed on imported goods.
Revenue: Income produced from a particular source.
2
Primary Source Analysis
Washington favored a strong national government because he saw the states ("13 heads") causing anarchy and confusion, and he felt the Congress was losing power and respect too quickly.
3
Main Ideas
a. Initial Issues:
Winning the war, organizing 13 state governments, and establishing a unified national government.
b. AOC Weaknesses:
1. No power to levy taxes. 2. No power to regulate trade. 3. 9 of 13 agreement required for laws (gridlock).
c. Shays' Rebellion Impact:
It showed that a weak national government was dangerous and incapable of maintaining order, leading leaders to call for a convention to change the AOC.
4
Critical Thinking
The AOC worked better during the war because the states had a "common enemy" forcing them to cooperate. After the war, states began to prioritize their own interests, taxes, and trade, causing friction.
8.5 x 11 Format • Founding Fractures Answer Key
Founding Fractures Slides U.S. Government
Section 3: The Need for a New Plan
Founding Fractures
A Deep Dive into the Articles of Confederation and the Chaos of a Weak Union.
The Birth of a Nation
After declaring independence, the new nation faced three major tasks:
Win the War
Defeat the British Empire—one of the world's most powerful nations.
State Govs
Organize 13 new state governments with written constitutions.
National Gov
Establish a national government for the whole country.
State Lab of Democracy
Shared Features
Most states shared these key features in their new constitutions:
Clearly spelled out the rights of citizens.
Bill of Rights included (in 7 documents).
Consent of the governed.
Separation of powers.
Key Vocabulary:
Legislature
A government agency responsible for making laws.
Bicameral
Consisting of two legislative chambers (Senate & House).
The AOC: A Weak Link
In 1776, Americans felt more loyalty to their states than the nation.
Why the weakness?
They were afraid of a national government having too much power.
Provisions of the AOC:
Congress is the national governing body.
Congress can declare war and sign treaties.
Each state has ONE equal vote in Congress.
Three Reasons the AOC Failed
1. Passing Laws
Required 9 of 13 states to agree. Reaching agreement was nearly impossible due to state distrust.
GRIDLOCK
2. Power to Tax
Congress couldn't levy taxes. They could only "ask" for money. Most states refused.
No Revenue
3. Trade Issues
Congress couldn't regulate trade. States set high tariffs on each other.
Trade War
Shays' Rebellion (1786)
The Economic Chain Reaction
1
War ends → Demand for food drops → Crop prices fall.
2
Farmers had borrowed money for equipment; now they can't pay back loans.
3
Massachusetts raises taxes. Courts start seizing land.
4
REBELLION: Daniel Shays and 2,000 farmers attack.
Founding Fractures Teacher Annotated Reading Teacher Annotated Reading
Founding Fractures • Facilitation Key
Instructional Support
Facing Serious Problems
The 3 major tasks below link directly to Section Review Q3a.
Win a war against the British.
Organize new state governments.
Establish a national government.
Creating State Governments
Focus on these shared features during class discussion.
Rights spelled out
Bill of Rights
Consent of the governed
Bicameral legislatures
The Articles of Confederation
AOC Provisions Key:
Congress = National body
Declare war/treaties
Equal vote for each state
Restrictions (Links to Q3b)
Laws:
9/13 approval required. Result: Gridlock .
Tax:
No power to levy. Result: National Debt .
Trade:
States imposed tariffs. Result: Economic Friction .
Shays' Rebellion (Links to Q3c)
Key Takeaway: The event demonstrated that the national government was "incapable of maintaining order."
Stop-and-Jot #1 Key
Without experience, states refused to share supplies, argued over plans, and didn't trust each other's decisions.
Monitoring Tip
Check student notebooks. Are they circling "Bicameral"? Verify they understand it means two parts (Senate & House).
Stop-and-Jot #2 Key
Fear of "tyranny" led them to keep power local. They prioritized individual state rights over national efficiency.
Vocabulary Quick-Check
Levy: Official collection.Tariff: Trade tax.Revenue: Tax income.
8.5 x 11 Format • Founding Fractures Teacher Resource
Founding Fractures Spanish Reading Fracturas Fundacionales
Lectura y Anotaciones Guiadas
Nombre: __________________________
Fecha: __________
Sección 3
La Necesidad de un Nuevo Plan
El primer intento de los Estados Unidos de formar un nuevo gobierno, como muchas nuevas empresas, tuvo éxito en algunos aspectos mientras que fracasó en otros. Después de unos años, sin embargo, los problemas facing the new nation se volvieron tan graves que los líderes pidieron un plan mejor.
Enfrentando Problemas Graves
La firma de la Declaración de Independencia marcó el nacimiento de una nueva nación. La nueva nación enfrentó tres tareas principales:
Ganar una guerra contra los británicos.
Organizar nuevos gobiernos estatales.
Establecer un gobierno nacional.
Luchando en la Revolución
La lucha se hizo más difícil por varias razones: poca experiencia trabajando juntos, falta de un ejército y milicias estatales mal entrenadas. El Congreso Continental no podía controlar la falsificación.
Creando Gobiernos Estatales
Para 1780, la mayoría de los estados adoptaron constituciones escritas. Algunos revisaron sus fueros coloniales. Las características incluían derechos detallados y el consentimiento de los gobernados .
Cada estado tenía una legislatura elegida, la mayoría bicamerales (un senado y una cámara).
Los Artículos de la Confederación
Fueron la primera constitución (1777). La gente temía dar demasiado poder al gobierno nacional.
Provisiones:
El Congreso era el organismo rector nacional.
Poder para declarar la guerra y firmar tratados.
Cada estado tenía un voto igual .
Restricciones al Gobierno
Aprobar Leyes
Al menos 9 de 13 estados tenían que aprobar una ley.
Impuestos
El Congreso no podía imponer impuestos. Solo podía pedir dinero.
Comercio
Los estados actuaban solos, imponiendo aranceles entre ellos.
Rebelión de Shays
Tras la guerra, los precios bajaron. En 1786, Daniel Shays lideró a 2,000 agricultores para atacar tribunales.
Impacto: El gobierno nacional era demasiado débil para mantener el orden. Esto llevó a la Convención para "arreglar" el sistema.
Ayuda Q3a
Mira las 3 tareas en "Enfrentando Problemas Graves".
Para y Anota
¿Por qué la falta de experiencia fue un problema?
Apoyo Vocabulario
Founding Fractures Spanish Worksheet Repaso de la Sección 3
La Necesidad de un Nuevo Plan
Nombre: _________________________
Fecha: _________________________
1
Términos Constitucionales
Milicia • Fuero • Legislatura • Arancel • Ingresos
a. Milicia:
b. Fuero:
c. Legislatura:
d. Arancel:
e. Ingresos:
2
Fuente Primaria
"Veo una cabeza transformándose gradualmente en 13... Veo los poderes del Congreso declinando demasiado rápido..." — George Washington, 1780
¿Washington quería un gobierno nacional fuerte o 13 gobiernos estatales?
Guía: Washington favorecía ________ porque ________.
3
Ideas Principales
a. ¿Qué problemas enfrentaron después de la independencia?
b. Enumera tres formas en que los Artículos debilitaron al gobierno.
c. ¿Cómo cambió la Rebelión de Shays las opiniones?
Antes pensaban ________, pero luego ________.
4
Pensamiento Crítico
¿Por qué los Artículos tuvieron más éxito durante la guerra que después?
Founding Fractures Persian Reading گسستهای بنیادین
متن خواندنی و یادداشتهای حاشیهای
نام: __________________________
تاریخ: __________
بخش ۳
نیاز به طرحی نو
نخستین تلاش ایالات متحده برای تشکیل یک دولت جدید... در برخی جنبهها موفق و در برخی دیگر با شکست مواجه شد. پس از چند سال، مشکلات چنان جدی شد که رهبران خواستار طرح بهتری شدند.
رویارویی با مشکلات جدی
امضای اعلامیه استقلال نقطه آغاز تولد یک ملت جدید بود. این ملت با سه وظیفه اصلی روبرو بود:
پیروزی در جنگ علیه بریتانیا.
سازماندهی دولتهای ایالتی جدید.
ایجاد یک دولت ملی.
مبارزه در انقلاب
این مبارزه به دلایلی دشوار شد: تجربه کم در همکاری، نبود ارتش، و میلیشیاهای ایالتی ضعیف. کنگره نمیتوانست اقتصاد را پایدار نگه دارد.
ایجاد دولتهای ایالتی
تا سال ۱۷۸۰، اکثر ایالتها قوانین اساسی مکتوب داشتند. ویژگیهای مشترک شامل حقوق شهروندی و رضایت حاکمان بود.
هر ایالت یک قوه مقننه داشت که اکثر آنها دو مجلسی بودند.
اصول کنفدراسیون
نخستین قانون اساسی (۱۷۷۷). مردم وفاداری بیشتری به ایالتها داشتند و نمیخواستند دولت ملی قدرتمندی داشته باشند.
مقررات:
کنگره بدنه حاکم ملی بود.
قدرت اعلام جنگ و امضای معاهدات.
هر ایالت دارای یک رای برابر .
محدودیتهای دولت ملی
تصویب قوانین
حداقل ۹ ایالت از ۱۳ ایالت باید موافقت میکردند.
مالیات
کنگره نمیتوانست مالیات وضع کند.
شورش شیز
پس از جنگ، قیمتها سقوط کرد. کشاورزان بدهکار شدند. در سال ۱۷۸۶، دانیل شیز و ۲,۰۰۰ کشاورز به دادگاهها حمله کردند.
تأثیر: رهبران فهمیدند دولت ملی ضعیفتر از آن است که نظم را حفظ کند.
کمک ۳-الف
بخش «رویارویی با مشکلات جدی» را ببینید.
مکث و یادداشت
چرا نبود تجربه همکاری یک مشکل بود؟
پشتیبانی واژگان
وضع کردن: اجبار پرداخت.تعرفه: مالیات واردات.دو مجلسی: سنا و نمایندگان.
فرمت ۸.۵ x ۱۱ • گسستهای بنیادین (فارسی)
Founding Fractures Persian Worksheet مرور بخش ۳
نیاز به طرحی نو
نام: _________________________
تاریخ: _________________________
۱
واژگان قانون اساسی
میلیشیا • منشور • قوه مقننه • تعرفه • درآمد
الف. میلیشیا:
ب. منشور:
ج. قوه مقننه:
د. تعرفه:
هـ. درآمد:
۲
منبع دست اول
"من میبینم که یک سر به تدریج به ۱۳ سر تبدیل میشود... میبینم که قدرتهای کنگره با سرعتی بیش از حد در حال کاهش است..." — جرج واشینگتن، ۱۷۸۰
آیا واشینگتن یک دولت ملی قوی میخواست یا ۱۳ دولت ایالتی؟
جمله آغازین: بر اساس این نقل قول، واشینگتن طرفدار ________ بود زیرا ________.
۳
ایدههای اصلی
الف. آمریکاییها پس از استقلال با چه مشکلاتی روبرو شدند؟
ب. سه مورد از ضعفهای اصول کنفدراسیون را فهرست کنید.
۱.
۲.
۳.
ج. شورش شیز چگونه نظرات را تغییر داد؟
پیش از شورش، مردم فکر میکردند ________، اما سپس ________.
۴
تفکر انتقادی
چرا اصول کنفدراسیون در طول جنگ موفقتر از دوران صلح بود؟
