Welding Positions Reference Sheet
AWS Reference Fabrication & Welding Tech
Weld Positions & Joint Types Reference
Standard AWS groove (G) & fillet (F) classifications with core joint geometries
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Fillet Positions (F-Series)
AWS D1.1
1F Flat Fillet
Plates tilted ~45° with horizontal axis. Deposited downward into the trough for maximum speed and easy slag removal.
2F Horizontal Fillet
Horizontal weld axis across a vertical plate and horizontal bottom plate. Work angle is adjusted to prevent lower bead sag.
3F Vertical Fillet
Weld seam is vertical. Welded vertical-up (structural integrity, deep penetration) or vertical-down (fast, light gauge sheet).
4F Overhead Fillet
Deposited from the underside of an overhead joint. Demands short arc, low heat input, and puddle freeze control against gravity.
Groove Positions (G-Series)
Plate & Pipe
1G Flat Groove
Plates lie flat; weld fed from top. In pipe: pipe rotates horizontally while torch stays at top dead-center.
2G Horizontal Groove
Plates are vertical with a horizontal seam. In pipe: pipe axis is vertical and fixed; weld runs horizontally.
3G Vertical Groove
Plates stand vertically with vertical groove. Welder weaves side-to-side to tie into root faces without undercut.
4G Overhead Groove
Plates lie horizontal above welder; filler metal is deposited upward into groove bevels overhead.
5G Pipe Horizontal Fixed
Pipe is fixed horizontally (cannot rotate). Welder transitions continuously through overhead, vertical, and flat zones.
Fundamental Weld & Joint Types
Standard Joint Geometries & Profiles
Butt Weld (Butt Joint) Coplanar
Formed by joining two members end-to-end or edge-to-edge in the same plane. Edge preparation (square, single-V, double-V, or U-groove) is standard to guarantee complete penetration and high structural load-bearing capacity.
Applications: Pressure vessels, structural framing, pipelines.
Lap Weld (Lap Joint) Overlapping
Created when two overlapping plates or sheets are fused, most commonly using single or double fillet welds along the seam edges. Economical and tolerant of fit-up misalignment without edge beveling.
Applications: Sheet metal enclosures, reinforcement patches, tank laps.
Corner Weld (Corner Joint) 90° Corner
Joins the edges of two plates meeting at right angles (forming an 'L' shape). Can be executed as an open corner joint (groove weld for smooth external corners) or a closed corner joint (inside/outside fillet weld).
Applications: Rectangular tubing, machinery boxes, enclosures, ducting.
Fillet Weld (Weld Type) Triangular
A weld profile with an approximately triangular cross-section joining two surfaces at right angles (T-joints, lap edges, inside corner joints). Strength is specified by leg size, root penetration, and effective throat thickness.
Key Parameters: Leg dimension, theoretical vs. actual throat, convex/concave face.
Summary Rule 1 = Flat, 2 = Horizontal, 3 = Vertical, 4 = Overhead, 5 = Multiple (Fixed Pipe). F = Fillet, G = Groove.
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