Unit 2 Need-to-Know Reference Sheet
U2 EXAM
Unit 2 Need-to-Know Reference Sheet
Global 10
Core Vocabulary, Key Thinkers, Essential Revolutions & Unit 1 Benchmarks
Exam Tomorrow 1-Page Study Guide
1 The Enlightenment (the age of reason)
Core Idea: Thinkers used reason & logic to challenge absolute monarchies, question divine right, and demand natural rights.
Locke: Natural Rights - Everyone is born with certain rights no matter what (life, liberty, and property). The government must protect these rights.
Rousseau: Social Contract - An unwritten agreement exists between the people and their government: the people agree to obey the government's laws, and in return, the government protects their natural rights.
Montesquieu: Separation of Powers - Power should be spread out in a government between multiple branches of government - executive, legislative, and judicial.
2 The French Revolution (1789–1799)
Causes: The Three Estates Social Inequality
The 3rd Estate (98% of population: peasants & bourgeoisie) paid ALL taxes with zero political say. 1st (Clergy) & 2nd (Nobles) paid nothing. 3rd Estate created the National Assembly.
Reign of Terror: Led by Maximilien Robespierre & the Committee of Public Safety. Executed tens of thousands by guillotine to eliminate perceived enemies of the revolution.
Rise of Napoleon: Seized power in a coup d'état (1799). Restored order, established the Napoleonic Code (equal laws for men, property rights), then crowned himself Emperor.
3 Global Revolutions (Americas)
Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) Anti-Slavery
Enslaved Africans in Saint-Domingue rebelled against French brutality. Led by former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture, they defeated Napoleon's army to create Haiti—the world's first independent Black republic.
Latin American Independence Anti-Colonial
Inspired by Enlightenment ideals and the American/French Revolutions, Simón Bolívar ("The Liberator") led successful independence campaigns against Spanish rule in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia.
4 Nationalism (Loyalty to Nation)
Definition: Deep devotion and loyalty to people who share common culture, language, ancestry, and historical heritage.
UNIFYING FORCE
Merged small separate states into unified nations:
- Italy: Mazzini & Garibaldi
- Germany: Otto von Bismarck's "Blood & Iron"
DIVIDING FORCE
Fractured vast multi-ethnic empires as ethnic groups demanded self-rule:
- Ottoman Empire
- Austrian Empire
Unit 1 Flashback
Benchmark Topics: from Unit 1
Guaranteed Exam Questions
Ottoman Empire's Religious Tolerance
- Millet System: Non-Muslims (Christians & Jews) had religious autonomy to govern their own legal communities.
- Jizya Tax: Special tax paid for the right to practice faith freely and receive imperial protection.
- Safe Haven: Welcomed Jewish refugees expelled during the Spanish Inquisition.
Multi-Ethnic Stability
Tokugawa Shogunate's Sankin Kotai Policy
- Alternate Attendance: Feudal lords (daimyo) were forced to reside in the capital (Edo/Tokyo) every other year.
- Hostage System: Daimyo families stayed permanently in Edo as political hostages to deter revolt.
- Financial Drain: Lavish travel expenses to Edo drained daimyo wealth, preventing rebellions.
Centralized Feudal Control
Tokugawa's Isolation of Japan
- Closed Country: Travel in or out of Japan forbidden to limit foreign influence on Japanese culture.
- Major Effects (Positive): 250+ years of internal peace, domestic trade growth, unique cultural boom.
- Major Effects (Negative): Technological stagnation; fell far behind Western military & industrial advancements.
250 Years of Isolation
Key Exam Big Idea: Enlightenment ideas (Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu) directly triggered the French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions by destroying the belief in divine right and demanding popular sovereignty & human rights!
