Macromolecule Mastery Review Packet
Biology Review Biochemistry Unit
Macromolecule Mastery Review
The Chemistry of Life: Monomers, Polymers, Reactions, Carbohydrates & Lipids
Name:
Period: Date:
Part 1: Chemical Foundations & Metabolic Reactions
Fill in the blanks & analyze the reaction pathways
1. Carbon Basis: Life is based on carbon because it can form covalent bonds.
2. 6 Major Elements: The acronym CHNOPS stands for: .
3. Building Blocks: A single repeating subunit is a ; joined subunits form a .
Process A: Dehydration Synthesis (Anabolic) "Anna the Builder"
Monomer 1 -OH + H- Monomer 2 H₂O REMOVED Unit 1 Unit 2 Covalent Bond
• Is water released or consumed?
• Does this reaction build or break molecules?
• Energy is (stored / released):
Process B: Hydrolysis (Catabolic) "Break-Dancing Cat"
Unit 1 Unit 2 H₂O ADDED Unit 1 -OH + H- Unit 2
• Meaning of "hydro" + "lysis":
• Does this reaction build or break molecules?
• Energetics: (endergonic / exergonic):
Part 2: Carbohydrates & Lipids (Fats)
Structures, elements, and cellular functions
1. Carbohydrates
C : H : O (1:2:1)
a. Monomer term:
b. 3 Monosaccharides: Glucose, , Galactose
c. Complete the synthesis reaction:
Glucose + ➔ Maltose + H₂O
O Glucose C₆H₁₂O₆ Hexose Ring
Polysaccharides & Roles:
d. Primary cellular role: Quick source of
e. Polymer providing plant cell wall strength:
f. Energy storage: (plants) vs. (animals)
Bond connecting sugar units: (linkage)
2. Lipids (Fats & Oils)
C : H : O (Low O)
• Subunits: 1 + 3
• Polarity: (polar / nonpolar)
• Water interaction: (hydrophobic)
• Main function: energy storage
Polar Head Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Phospholipid
Fat Types & Membrane Structure:
• Saturated fats: Single C-C bonds, chains are (solid at RT).
• Unsaturated fats: Has C=C double bonds causing in chain.
• Cell membranes are made of a bilayer.
* Additional lipid examples include plant protective coatings like waxes and steroid hormones.
Page 1 of 2 • Biology Macromolecules Review Turn to Page 2 for Proteins, Nucleic Acids & Monomer Identification ➔
Macromolecule Mastery Review • Part II
Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Vocabulary Matching & Structural Identification
Student Name:
Part 3: Proteins & Nucleic Acids
Monomer anatomy, chemical bonds, and biological functions
3. Proteins
C : H : O : N
• Monomer:
• How many unique types exist?
• Covalent bond between units: bond
• Polymer name:
C H₂N- -COOH R H Amino Acid Backbone
Major Biological Roles:
• Enzymes: Catalysts that chemical reactions.
• Structural: forms hair, nails, and feathers.
• Transport: Membrane channels allow molecules to pass.
* The variable R-group (side chain) is what makes each of the 20 amino acids chemically distinct!
4. Nucleic Acids
C : H : O : N : P
• Monomer:
• 3 Monomer Parts: Phosphate, sugar, and base
• Two main polymers: and
• DNA shape: helix
PO₄³⁻ Sugar Base Nucleotide Subunit
Genetic Functions:
• Carries instructions that determine traits.
• Directly codes instructions to assemble .
• Nitrogen bases in DNA: Adenine, Thymine, , Guanine.
* Notice that only nucleic acids and phospholipids contain phosphorus (P)!
Part 4: Key Vocabulary Matching
Write the matching letter in each bracket [ ___ ]
[ ] 1. Hydrolysis
A. Reactions that synthesize complex molecules; requires energy
[ ] 5. Anabolism
E. Catabolic breakdown of polymers by adding water molecules
[ ] 2. Dehydration Synthesis
B. Specialized catalytic protein that speeds up cellular chemical reactions
[ ] 6. Catabolism
F. Metabolic reactions that break down complex molecules; releases energy
[ ] 3. Phospholipid
C. Joins monomers into polymers with covalent bonds by removing water
[ ] 7. Polysaccharide
G. Lipid with polar hydrophilic head and 2 nonpolar hydrophobic tails
[ ] 4. Enzyme
D. Complex carbohydrate chain like starch, glycogen, or cellulose
[ ] 8. Nucleotide
H. Subunit containing a phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogen base
Part 5: Molecular Structure & Monomer Identification
Identify the 4 mystery biological monomers below
Molecule Structure 1
O OH OH
Monomer:
Polymer:
Class:
Molecule Structure 2
HO-C=O Hydrocarbon Chain
Monomer:
Polymer:
Class:
Molecule Structure 3
H₂N- C H R -COOH
Monomer:
Polymer:
Class:
Molecule Structure 4
P S Base
Monomer:
Polymer:
Class:
Page 2 of 2 • Macromolecules Review Packet Review Complete • Score: _____ / 40
