Cladogram Quest Teacher Guide Cladogram Quest
Teacher Facilitation Guide
10th Grade Biology
Evolution & Biodiversity Unit
Lesson Overview
Objective
Analyze and construct cladograms to visualize evolutionary relationships based on derived characteristics.
Time
45-50 Minutes
Pacing & Activities
5m
Warm-up: The Mystery Relative
Display Slide 2. Present the Wolf, American Buffalo, and Spotted Hyena.
Ask: "Which two organisms are most closely related?"
Have students record their initial guess on the worksheet.
Take a quick class poll. Most students will guess Wolf/Buffalo due to appearance.
10m
Video Viewing: Taxonomy & Cladistics
Play video: 8:29 - 10:56
Key Reveal: Wolf and Hyena are both in Order Carnivora . Buffalo is in Order Artiodactyla .
Instructional Focus: Highlight how appearance can be misleading and how cladograms solve this by showing derived characteristics.
20m
Main Activity: Tree of Life Construction
Students build a cladogram using the worksheet cutouts.
Hierarchy: Protist (Outgroup) → Sponge → Flatworm → Arthropod → Human (Chordate).
Nodes (Traits): Multicellularity, Tissues, Coelom, Notochord.
Monitor for the "Common Ancestor" misconception: Remind students that nodes represent features shared by everyone after that point.
10m
Closure: Exit Ticket
Students justify why the Starfish (Echinoderm) is placed closer to Humans (Chordates) than Insects (Arthropods).
Key Discussion Questions
"Why does physical appearance sometimes mislead us about evolutionary relationships?"
Focus on convergent evolution—unrelated species developing similar traits (like wolves and buffalo both being large herbivores/quadrupeds).
"What is a 'derived characteristic' and where does it go on a cladogram?"
A trait that appeared in the most recent common ancestor and was passed to its descendants. It marks the 'branching point'.
Scissors & Glue Video Embed Student Worksheets
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Cladogram Quest Slides Unit: Biodiversity
Cladogram Quest
Mapping the Branches of Life
10th Grade Biology
Warm-up: Who's Related?
🐺
Gray Wolf
🦬
American Buffalo
🐕
Spotted Hyena
Look at the traits. Record your prediction:
"Which two share the most recent common ancestor?"
Evidence in the Code
Embedded media
Watch Segment: 8:29 — 10:56
Fill in your Video Notes as we watch!
What is a Cladogram?
1
Evolutionary Map: A branching diagram showing relationships between species.
2
Derived Traits: Marks key innovations (like lungs or hair) that split lineages.
3
Recent Ancestry: Species closer on the branch share more recent ancestors.
Activity: Build a Tree
Mission Parameters:
Cut out the Organisms and Traits .
Arrange them on the blank cladogram tree.
Place traits at the nodes (branching points).
Glue them down once you've checked your logic!
Organisms to Place:
Protist
Sponge
Flatworm
Arthropod
Human
Cladogram Quest Worksheet Cladogram Quest
Phylogeny & Classification Activity
Name: __________________________ Date: _________
Class: 10th Grade Biology
Part 1: The Prediction
Observe the three organisms shown on the slide: Wolf , Buffalo , and Hyena .
Which two do you think are most closely related? Explain why.
Part 2: Cladistics Evidence
Watch the video (8:29-10:56) and complete the following notes.
The Wolf/Hyena Reveal:
Wolf and hyena both belong to Order:
The buffalo belongs to Order:
Wolf is more related to the _____________.
Definition:
A Cladogram is a branching diagram that shows:
Part 3: The Tree of Life
Using the cutouts from Page 2, construct your cladogram below. Place Derived Traits at the nodes (dots) and Organisms at the top of the branches.
Trait 1
Trait 2
Trait 3
Trait 4
Cutout Sheet
Step 1: The Organisms
🦠 Protist
🧽 Sponge
🪱 Flatworm
🦂 Arthropod
🧍 Human
Step 2: The Derived Traits
Multicellularity
Tissues
Coelom
Notochord
Field Notes: Cladistics
THE OUTGROUP: Start with the organism that has NONE of the derived traits. This is your first branch (left side).
THE NODES: Each trait belongs at a branching point. Every organism to the RIGHT of that point must have that trait.
TRAIT ORDER: Follow the evolution of animals! Cells → Tissues → Body Cavities → Complex Systems.
NOTOCHORD: This is the defining feature of Chordates (Phylum Chordata). Which organism is a chordate?
Cladogram Quest Exit Ticket Exit Ticket
Cladogram Quest
Name: ______________________
Date: ____________
The Mystery of the Starfish
In the video, it was mentioned that the Starfish (Echinoderm) is placed closer to the Human (Chordate) than it is to the Insect (Arthropod) .
Based on what you learned about evolutionary relationships and cladograms, explain WHY this is the case:
Hint: Think about what was said about "Deuterostomes" or the symmetry shared between these groups in early development!
Cladogram Quest Answer Key Answer Key
Cladogram Quest Master Reference
Teacher Use Only
Part 1: The Prediction
Student answers will vary. Credit for completion and logical reasoning (even if the biological answer is wrong).
Part 2: Video Notes
Wolf & Hyena Order: Carnivora
Buffalo Order: Artiodactyla
Relationship: Wolf is more related to the Hyena than the Buffalo.
Cladogram Definition: A diagram showing evolutionary relationships based on derived characteristics/recent ancestry.
Exit Ticket Key
Key Concept: Embryological Development
Both Echinoderms (Starfish) and Chordates (Humans) are Deuterostomes . This means that during early embryonic development, the second opening becomes the mouth (the first becomes the anus). Insects (Arthropods) are Protostomes , where the first opening becomes the mouth. This shared developmental trait indicates a more recent common ancestor between humans and starfish than between humans and insects.
Part 3: Correct Cladogram Arrangement
Protist
Sponge
Flatworm
Arthro-pod
Human
Node 1 (40): Multicellularity
Node 2 (80): Tissues
Node 3 (120): Coelom
Node 4 (160): Notochord
Teaching Tip:
Remind students that while insects are complex, in this specific lineage comparison , traits like the coelom appeared after flatworms but before arthropods, and the notochord is the unique trait that sets the human branch apart from the arthropod branch.