Biology Final Exam Test
Biology Final Exam
Units: Cell Biology, Genetics, & Evolution
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Date:
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Instructions: Read each question carefully. Select the best answer for each multiple-choice question. Mark your answers on the provided answer sheet or circle your choice clearly.
Part I: Cell Biology
1. Which organelle is responsible for converting glucose into ATP through cellular respiration?
A) Chloroplast
B) Mitochondria
C) Ribosome
D) Lysosome
2. Which of the following is found in plant cells but NOT in animal cells?
A) Nucleus
B) Cell Membrane
C) Cell Wall
D) Cytoplasm
3. The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane is known as:
A) Diffusion
B) Active Transport
C) Osmosis
D) Endocytosis
4. Which macromolecule is the primary component of the cell membrane bilayer?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Lipids
D) Nucleic Acids
5. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
A) G1 phase
B) S phase
C) Prophase
D) Cytokinesis
6. What is the main purpose of mitosis?
A) Production of gametes
B) Genetic variation
C) Growth and tissue repair
D) Energy production
7. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions by:
A) Increasing temperature
B) Lowering activation energy
C) Adding more substrate
D) Changing the cell's pH
8. Which of these is a product of photosynthesis?
A) Carbon Dioxide
B) Water
C) Glucose
D) Light Energy
9. A prokaryotic cell lacks which of the following?
A) DNA
B) Ribosomes
C) Cell membrane
D) Nucleus
10. Active transport requires __________ because it moves molecules against the gradient.
A) Water
B) ATP (Energy)
C) Oxygen
D) Sunlight
11. In a hypertonic solution, a cell will likely:
A) Swell and burst
B) Stay the same size
C) Shrink or shrivel
D) Divide rapidly
12. Ribosomes are the site of:
A) Lipid synthesis
B) Protein synthesis
C) DNA storage
D) Waste breakdown
13. Which stage of mitosis involves chromosomes lining up in the middle of the cell?
A) Prophase
B) Metaphase
C) Anaphase
D) Telophase
Part II: Genetics
14. What is the correct base-pairing rule for DNA?
A) A-U, C-G
B) A-G, T-C
C) A-T, C-G
D) A-C, T-G
15. A phenotype refers to an organism's:
A) Genetic makeup
B) Physical appearance
C) Chromosome number
D) Pedigree chart
16. If "B" is dominant for brown eyes and "b" is recessive for blue eyes, what is the genotype of a homozygous recessive person?
A) BB
B) Bb
C) bb
D) bB
17. Transcription is the process of making _______ from a DNA template.
A) Protein
B) mRNA
C) tRNA
D) Amino acids
18. Where in the cell does translation occur?
A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondria
C) Ribosome
D) Golgi Apparatus
19. A cross between two heterozygous parents (Bb x Bb) results in what ratio of phenotypes?
A) 3:1 (Dominant:Recessive)
B) 1:2:1
C) 4:0
D) 1:1
20. What is a mutation?
A) A change in the environment
B) A change in the DNA sequence
C) A type of natural selection
D) A successful adaptation
21. In humans, how many chromosomes are found in a normal somatic (body) cell?
A) 23
B) 46
C) 92
D) 12
22. Which process results in four genetically different haploid cells?
A) Mitosis
B) Binary Fission
C) Meiosis
D) Budding
23. A square on a pedigree represents a:
A) Female
B) Male
C) Affected individual
D) Carrier
24. Co-dominance is seen when:
A) One allele is hidden
B) Traits blend together
C) Both alleles are expressed equally
D) No alleles are expressed
25. Sex-linked traits are most commonly found on which chromosome?
A) Chromosome 1
B) Chromosome 21
C) X chromosome
D) Y chromosome
26. The sugar found in RNA is called:
A) Deoxyribose
B) Glucose
C) Ribose
D) Lactose
Genetics Scratch Space (Punnett Squares, etc.)
Part III: Evolution
27. Who is credited with the theory of evolution by natural selection?
A) Gregor Mendel
B) Charles Darwin
C) Robert Hooke
D) Louis Pasteur
28. Which of the following is required for natural selection to occur?
A) Genetic variation
B) Overproduction of offspring
C) Differential survival/reproduction
D) All of the above
29. An adaptation is a trait that:
A) An organism chooses to have
B) Helps an organism survive and reproduce
C) Is always visible
D) Decreases fitness
30. Homologous structures, such as the arm of a human and the wing of a bat, suggest:
A) Common ancestry
B) No relationship
C) Analogous evolution
D) Convergent evolution
31. What do we call structures that have lost their original function, like the human tailbone?
A) Analogous structures
B) Vestigial structures
C) Adaptive structures
D) Primitive structures
32. The process where two species evolve in response to each other over time is called:
A) Convergent evolution
B) Punctuated equilibrium
C) Co-evolution
D) Divergent evolution
33. Natural selection acts directly on ___________, not genotypes.
A) Alleles
B) Mutations
C) Phenotypes
D) Genes
34. A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring is a:
A) Population
B) Community
C) Species
D) Genus
35. Which of the following provides evidence for evolution?
A) Fossil record
B) Embryology
C) DNA comparisons
D) All of the above
36. Genetic drift has the greatest impact on __________ populations.
A) Large
B) Small
C) Migrating
D) Stable
37. Stabilizing selection favors:
A) One extreme phenotype
B) Both extreme phenotypes
C) The intermediate (average) phenotype
D) No phenotype
38. Geographic isolation can lead to the formation of new species, a process called:
A) Speciation
B) Mutation
C) Extinction
D) Migration
39. Artificial selection is different from natural selection because:
A) It occurs faster
B) Humans choose the desired traits
C) It doesn't involve DNA
D) Only plants are affected
40. The "fitness" of an organism refers to its ability to:
A) Outrun predators
B) Survive and produce offspring
C) Resist diseases
D) Grow larger than others
End of Examination. Please review your answers before submitting.
