Word Forge Reference Sheet
Word Forge Reference Sheet
Morphology & Etymology Guide: Roots, Prefixes & Suffixes
Name: ___________________
Date: _____________
Anatomy of Complex Words Morpheme Formula
Prefix
Attached before root
alters direction / meaning
Root Word
Core semantic base
holds primary meaning
Suffix
Attached after root
shifts tense / part of speech
FORM
(Latin: to shape, mold, fashion)
Root 1
- con·form con + form: to shape behavior alongside rules
- de·form·i·ty de + form + y: state of losing natural shape
- re·form·er re + form + er: person who rebuilds an institution
- trans·form trans + form + a·tion: process of shape change
- per·form per + form: carry out completely through action
- form·less·ness form + less + ness: condition of lacking shape
- un·formed un + form + ed: not yet molded or developed
STRUCT
(Latin: to build, assemble)
Root 2
- con·struct con + struct + tion: the act of building
- de·struct de + struct + ion: tearing down or destroying
- ob·struct ob + struct: build a barrier in the way of
- in·struct in + struct + ing: actively building knowledge in
- sub·struct sub + struct + ure: foundation built underneath
- re·con·struct re + con + struct + ed: assembled again
- semi·struct semi + struct + ur·ed: partially organized
TRACT
(to drag, pull, draw)
Root 3
- sub·tract: sub + tract (pull away from beneath)
- ex·tract: ex + tract + able (able to be pulled out)
- dis·tract: dis + tract + ion (state of attention pulled away)
- re·tract: re + tract + ed (pulled back or withdrawn)
- con·tract: con + tract + s (draws together into unity)
PORT
(to carry, bear, convey)
Root 4
- trans·port: trans + port + er (person/vehicle carrying across)
- im·port: im + port + able (capable of being brought into)
- ex·port: ex + port + ing (currently carrying goods out)
- de·port: de + port + ment (bearing or carrying oneself)
- port·ly: port + ly (carrying oneself with stately dignity)
JECT
(to throw, cast, hurl)
Root 5
- pro·ject: pro + ject + ion (act of throwing or casting forward)
- re·ject: re + ject + ed (cast or thrown back as refused)
- in·ject: in + ject + or (device that throws fluid into)
- ob·ject: ob + ject + ion (a reason thrown in the way of)
- sub·ject: sub + ject + s (things placed under authority)
Morphology Insight: Latin roots change meaning predictably when combined with directional prefixes!
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Master Affix Verification Matrix
Every requested prefix (21) & suffix (17) applied to roots and contextual base words
Word Forge • Page 2 of 3
All 21 Prefixes (Beginning) 21 Listed
ob- (against/in way): obstruct, object
de- (down/away/from): deform, detract, deport
con- (with/together): conform, construct, contract
re- (back/again): reform, reconstruct, reject
per- (through/thorough): perform, pervade
un- (not/reverse): unformed, unportable, untracked
sub- (under/below): subtract, subject, substructure
non- (not/without): nonconforming, nonstop
mis- (wrong/badly): misinform, misconstruct, mislead
in- (in/into/not): inform, inject, instruct
fore- (before/front): forecast, foresee, foretell
im- (into/not): import, immortal, impassable
ex- (out of/former): export, extract, eject
pro- (forward/for): project, promote, protect
trans- (across/beyond): transform, transport, transfer
pre- (beforehand): preconstruct, predict, preform
ir- (not - before 'r'): irregular, irresponsible
il- (not - before 'l'): illogical, illiterate, illegal
semi- (half/partially): semi-structured, semicircle
dis- (away/apart/not): distract, discontinue, displace
en- (cause to be/put in): enforce, enable, enrich
All 17 Suffixes (Ending) 17 Listed
-er (agent/one who): reformer, reporter, porter
-y (state/quality): deformity, gloomy, recovery
-es (plural/3rd person): reflexes, catches, boxes
-tion (action/state): construction, formation, attraction
-ing (present participle): conforming, tracking, porting
-ful (full of): forceful, insightful, respectful
-able (capable of): portable, tractable, retractable
-ish (resembling/near): stylish, boyish, greenish
-ly (manner/characteristic): portly, formally, cleanly
-ous (having/full of): porous, joyous, continuous
-en (made of/cause): strengthen, wooden, brighten
-less (without/lacking): formless, trackless, relentless
-s (plural/verb): forms, structs, tracts, ports, jects
-est (superlative degree): clearest, strongest, brightest
-ness (state/condition): formlessness, attractiveness
-ed (past tense/passive): transformed, projected, extracted
-sion (act/result): extension, tension, revision
Assimilation Rule: in- becomes im- (before p/b/m), il- (before l), and ir- (before r) for ease of pronunciation.
Compound Affix Word Equations (Double Affixes)
Deconstructing Multi-Tiered Words
re + con + struct + tion = reconstruction
Two prefixes (re + con) + root (struct) + noun suffix (tion)
un + trans + form + able = untransformable
Two prefixes (un + trans) + root (form) + adjective suffix (able)
de + con + struct + ed = deconstructed
Prefix stack (de + con) + root (struct) + past suffix (ed)
ir + re + tract + able = irretractable
Negative (ir) + backward (re) + pull (tract) + able
Word Analysis Drill: Break Down the Morphemes Isolate: Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es)
1. nonconforming
Identify prefix, root, and suffix:
2. indestructible
Identify prefix(es), root, and suffix:
3. transportation
Identify prefix, root, and suffix(es):
4. misprojected
Identify prefix(es), root, and suffix:
Word Forge Morphology Matrix • Designed for Etymology, Vocabulary Mastery & Reading Comprehension
Word Analysis Drill: Master Morpheme Breakdown
Isolate each word from Page 1 into its component morphemes: Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es)
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1. subtract
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
2. reconstruct
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
3. import
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
4. deformity
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
5. reject
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
6. formlessness
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
7. obstruct
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
8. transport
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
9. conform
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
10. inject
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
11. semistructured
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
12. extract
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
13. deport
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
14. construct
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
15. project
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
16. unformed
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
17. instruct
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
18. distract
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
19. portly
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
20. perform
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
21. object
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
22. substructure
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
23. retract
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
24. export
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
25. transform
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
26. subject
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
27. contract
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
28. reformer
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
29. destruct
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
30. projection
Prefix(es) + Root + Suffix(es):
Word Forge Morphology Practice • Write out the morpheme equations for each word above