Text Structure Reference Sheet
Grade 5 ELA Reference Tool
INFORMATIONAL TEXT STRUCTURES
Name:
Date:
Text structure is how an author organizes information. Look for clue words and purpose to determine the structure.
1
Description
Ask: "What is being described and what are its features?"
Purpose: Explains, details, or describes features, characteristics, or examples of a topic.
Clue / Signal Words: for example, characteristics include, for instance, such as, specifically, to illustrate, looks like, features
Visual Map
Detail
←
Topic
→
Detail
2
Chronological / Sequence
Ask: "What events happened in order, or what steps must be taken?"
Purpose: Gives events in time order or provides instructions in a step-by-step sequence.
Clue / Signal Words: first, next, then, before, after, finally, dates (e.g., 1776), times, meanwhile, previously, steps
Visual Map
First
→
Next
→
Then
3
Compare & Contrast
Ask: "How are two or more things alike and different?"
Purpose: Shows similarities (how things are alike) and differences (how things are different).
Clue / Signal Words: alike, same, both, similarly, on the other hand, however, unlike, different, in contrast, while
Visual Map
A
B
Venn Diagram
4
Cause & Effect
Ask: "What happened, and why did it happen?"
Purpose: Explains reasons why something occurred (cause) and what resulted (effect).
Clue / Signal Words: because, since, as a result, therefore, consequently, so, led to, if... then, outcome, reason why
Visual Map
CAUSE
Why
→
EFFECT
What
5
Problem & Solution
Ask: "What went wrong or needs fixing, and how was it solved?"
Purpose: Sets up a problem, obstacle, or issue, and explores one or more ways to fix it.
Clue / Signal Words: problem, issue, puzzle, challenge, solve, solution, resolved, fix, dilemma, one answer is
Visual Map
PROBLEM
Issue
→
SOLUTION
Fix
Reader's Tip
Look at the whole paragraph! Clue words can hint at the structure, but always confirm the author's primary purpose. One text may combine several structures across different sections.