Etiquette and Honorifics Slides Advanced Mandarin Communication
Foundations of Etiquette and Honorifics
"The first impression is the final judgment."
Case Study: The Botched Introduction
Observation Task
While watching the clip, look for these critical errors:
Incorrect address of a superior (Title vs. Name)
Failure to use 您 (nín) instead of 你 (nǐ)
Improper physical stance or lack of "Humble Forms"
[Video Placeholder: A junior employee greets a CEO by their first name and doesn't offer a business card correctly]
Prompt: "Why did the CEO walk away without exchanging cards?"
The Hierarchy of Address
董事长 (Dǒngshìzhǎng)
Chairman
The highest authority. Address as [Surname] + 董事长.
总经理 (Zǒngjīnglǐ)
General Manager / CEO
Commonly addressed as 总 (Zǒng) for short.
主任 (Zhǔrèn)
Director / Head
Used for department heads or administrative leaders.
Linguistic Rule: Hierarchy over Intimacy
Never use "Xiao [Surname]" or "Lao [Surname]" for superiors or clients unless invited to do so. In formal negotiations, the Title is your shield and your sign of respect.
The Power of "Respectful You"
您 (Nín) vs 你 (Nǐ)
In business, 您 is mandatory for clients, elders, and superiors. Even among equals, starting with 您 demonstrates a sophisticated cultural awareness.
贵 (Guì) - Honorable
Used to refer to everything associated with the other party.
贵公司 (Guì gōngsī) - Your (honorable) company贵方 (Guì fāng) - Your side (in negotiation)
Humble Self-Reference
Lowering oneself to elevate the other is a hallmark of high-level Mandarin.
敝 (Bì) - Humble/Broken
敝公司 (Bì gōngsī) - My (humble) company
浅见 (Qiǎnjiàn) - Shallow view
我的浅见是... (My shallow opinion is...)
指教 (Zhǐjiào) - To give guidance
请多指教 (Please give me your guidance)
The Ritual of the Business Card
01
The Two-Handed Hand-off
Never give or receive a card with one hand. It implies the other person isn't worth your full attention.
02
Orientation Matters
The text should be facing the recipient, readable as they take it from you.
03
The Respectful Pause
Do not put the card away immediately. Look at it, acknowledge the title, and leave it on the table during the meeting.
Critical Taboo
"Never write on a business card in front of the owner. In Chinese culture, the card represents the person's 'Face' (Mianzi). Writing on it is like writing on their face."
Business Correspondence Handout Business Correspondence & Introductions
Advanced Mandarin Communication: Lesson 1 Handout
Student Name
Key Honorifics Reference
您 (Nín): Respectful 'You'
贵公司 (Guì gōngsī): Your honorable company
敝公司 (Bì gōngsī): My humble company
请指教 (Qǐng zhǐjiào): Please provide guidance
Formal Address Pattern
[Surname] + [Professional Title]
Example: 王总经理 (Wáng Zǒngjīnglǐ)
Example: 李董事长 (Lǐ Dǒngshìzhǎng)
1
Professional Self-Introduction Script
Draft a formal self-introduction to be used while presenting your business card to a potential partner. Ensure you use the "Humble Form" for your own company and the "Honorable Form" for theirs.
Include your name and title
Reference 'Bì gōngsī'
Request guidance (Zhǐjiào)
2
Email Etiquette: The Cold Outreach
To: zhang.san@huaxing-tech.cn (Director Zhang)
Subject:
Salutation:
Opening (Acknowledge their reputation):
The "Ask" (Using indirect language):
Formal Closing:
3
Mianzi (Face) Analysis
Scenario Analysis
"During a meeting, you realize your supervisor, Manager Li, has made a factual error regarding the production timeline. Correcting him in front of the client would provide accurate information but would damage his 'Mianzi'."
How would you handle this situation using formal Mandarin and cultural etiquette?
Key Phrase to Consider
"给面子" (Gěi miànzi)
To give face; to show respect.
Key Phrase to Avoid
"丢脸" (Diūliǎn)
To lose face; to be humiliated.
Etiquette and Honorifics Teacher Guide Teacher Facilitation Guide
Lesson 1: Foundations of Etiquette and Honorifics
Teacher Resource
Duration: 90 Minutes
Focus: Register & Hierarchy
Materials: Slides, Handout
Lesson Flow & Facilitation
The Hook (15 min)
Analyzing the "Botched Introduction"
Show a video clip of a failed business greeting. If a video is unavailable, describe a scenario where a junior employee uses "Nǐ" and a first name with a CEO.
Discussion Prompts:
Why did the atmosphere shift from friendly to tense?
What does "Title + Surname" signify in a Chinese corporate hierarchy?
How does the improper handling of a business card reflect on the employee's "Mianzi"?
Instruction (30 min)
Hierarchical Linguistics
Use the Etiquette and Honorifics Slides to introduce Nin , Guì , and Bì . Emphasize that these are not "old fashioned" but standard in high-stakes negotiation.
Teacher Tip:
Students often struggle with "Bì" (Humble). Remind them that by calling their company "humble," they are actually demonstrating their own high level of culture (Wénhuà) and respect for the partner.
Handout Answer Key & Exemplars
1 Part 1: Self-Introduction Exemplar
"王总经理，您好。我是[Name]，来自敝公司[Company Name]。非常荣幸能见到您。这是我的名片，请多指教。"
2 Part 2: Email Structure
Subject Line: 关于[Project Name]的合作建议 - [Your Company Name]
Salutation: 尊敬的张主任 (Zūnjìng de Zhāng Zhǔrèn)
Opening: 久仰大名 (Jiǔyǎng dàmíng - I have long heard your great name).
3 Part 3: Mianzi Conflict Resolution
Effective student responses should avoid direct public correction. Instead, they might:
Strategy A: Indirect Clarification
"Manager Li mentioned the timeline, and if I recall the details correctly, we might have some flexibility near the end..." (Softens the error as a 'detail' rather than a 'mistake').
Strategy B: The Private Note
Passing a physical note or waiting until a break to allow the supervisor to correct themselves, thus "saving face."
Indirect Refusals Slides Strategic Communication
The Art of Indirect Refusals
Mastering the 'Soft No' to preserve harmony.
Why Avoid "No"?
Harmony (Hé)
A direct "No" creates a confrontation. In Chinese negotiation, the goal is to maintain a smooth relationship, even when interests diverge.
Saving Face (Bǎo Miànzi)
Refusing directly can make the other party feel rejected or disrespected. An indirect refusal allows them to 'exit' the request gracefully.
不
The Forbidden Word
In formal settings, "Bù" is a blunt instrument.
Structure: 恐怕 (Kǒngpà)
Usage
"I'm afraid that..." / "I'm concerned that..."
恐怕 creates a psychological distance between you and the refusal. It suggests that external circumstances, not your will, are causing the problem.
恐怕不太方便。
Kǒngpà bù tài fāngbiàn.
I'm afraid it might not be very convenient.
Refining the Tone:
Add "不太" (not too) to soften further.
Focus on the "situation" (情况 qíngkuàng).
Structure: 不便 (Bùbiàn)
"Inconvenient" as a code for "No"
In business, 方便 (fāngbiàn) refers to logistical, social, and professional alignment. Saying something is 不便 avoids blaming the request itself.
Formal Variation:
有失偏颇 (Yǒushī piānpǒ)
"It might be somewhat biased/inappropriate."
Use this for rejecting a proposal that violates policy.
Direct (Avoid)
我不去那个会。
"I'm not going to that meeting."
Indirect (Professional)
那时候恐怕不太方便参加。
"At that time, I'm afraid it might be somewhat inconvenient to attend."
The Art of Stall
"We will consider it" = Refusal in progress?
再考虑一下
"Consider it some more." This often implies there are issues to resolve before any 'Yes' can be given.
研究研究
"Research and study." This sounds productive, but in a negotiation, it's often a way to let a bad idea die quietly.
原则上...
"In principle..." Usually followed by a "but" (但是). It means the theory is fine, but the practice is a 'No'.
"A negotiator who says 'Yes' means 'Maybe'. A negotiator who says 'Maybe' means 'No'. A negotiator who says 'No' is no negotiator."
Soft No Worksheet Conflict Avoidance Lab
The Art of the 'Soft No'
NAME: ________________________
DATE: _________________________
1
Direct to Indirect Transformation
Rewrite the following blunt refusals into professional, indirect Mandarin. Use the grammar patterns: 恐怕 (Kǒngpà) , 不便 (Bùbiàn) , or 研究研究 (Yánjiū yánjiū) .
Blunt:
"I won't sign this contract today. The price is too high."
Indirect Version (Mandarin):
Blunt:
"Your proposal is bad. We aren't interested in a partnership."
Indirect Version (Mandarin):
Blunt:
"No, I can't meet with you on Saturday. That's my day off."
Indirect Version (Mandarin):
2
Scenario Workshop: The Banquet Trap
The Situation
You are at a formal banquet with a prospective partner, Director Wang. He is pushing you to commit to a 5-year exclusivity deal tonight, over drinks. Your company policy strictly forbids committing to long-term deals without a board review.
Challenge:
Decline the commitment without killing the "vibe" or insulting Wang's hospitality.
Draft Your Response
Think: How can you shift the blame to a 'higher power' (the board)?
Cultural Strategy Tip
"One effective way to say 'No' is to say 'Yes, in principle' (原则上), but then point out the 'Bu fangbian' (inconvenience) of the timing or procedure. This validates their idea while blocking the action."
Refusal Strategies Key Refusal Strategies Answer Key
Lesson 2: The Art of Indirect Refusals
Answer Key
Part 1: Transformation Exemplars
Direct Version
"I won't sign this contract today. The price is too high."
Advanced Mandarin Key
这个价格恐怕还需要进一步研究研究。
"I'm afraid this price still needs some further research/study."
Direct Version
"Your proposal is bad. We aren't interested in a partnership."
Advanced Mandarin Key
贵公司的提议很好，但目前恐怕不太方便合作。
"Your company's proposal is great, but currently I'm afraid it's not very convenient to cooperate."
Direct Version
"No, I can't meet with you on Saturday. That's my day off."
Advanced Mandarin Key
周六恐怕有点儿不便，改天再聚如何？
"Saturday is afraid to be a bit inconvenient; how about we gather another day?"
Part 2: Scenario Analysis Guide
Successful Strategy: "The Institutional Shield"
"Wang General, your suggestion for a 5-year partnership is very forward-thinking. 原则上 (In principle), we are very excited about it. However, 恐怕 (I'm afraid) our board's current 流程 (procedure) requires a formal review for long-term exclusivity. It would be 不便 (inconvenient) to commit tonight, but we will certainly 研究研究 (research and study) the details on Monday."
Why this works
Validates Wang's idea (Gěi Miànzi).
Deflects blame to "Board Procedure" (Institutional Shield).
Maintains the relationship for future talks.
Instructional Note
Encourage students to use "原则上" (In principle). It is one of the most powerful phrases in Chinese business communication because it allows you to agree and disagree simultaneously.
Guanxi Banquet Slides The Business Banquet
Socializing and Guanxi Building
"Business is done at the table, not the desk."
Understanding 关系 (Guānxì)
Guanxi is often translated as "connections," but in business, it is a complex web of mutual trust and social capital.
It is the "pre-negotiation" phase.
It prioritizes the person over the contract.
It is built through shared experience (dining, toasting).
The "Trust" Formula
Competence + Guanxi = Success
"Without Guanxi, the best contract is just paper."
The Art of the Toast (Jìngjiǔ)
1
The Hierarchy of the Glass
When clinking glasses, the person of lower status should always keep the rim of their glass below the rim of the superior's glass.
2
The "Ganbei" Rule
干杯 (Gānbēi) literally means "dry glass." If someone says Ganbei, they intend to finish the drink. If you aren't drinking alcohol, use tea but maintain the ritual.
Proposing a Toast
A formal toast usually follows this structure:
I. Greeting: [Surname] + [Title], I would like to toast you...
II. Reason: ...to thank you for your hospitality / to our future partnership.
III. The Finish: 我先干为敬 (Wǒ xiān gān wéi jìng - I drink first to show respect).
Navigating the Conversation
Safe & Fruitful Topics
Family: Asking about children's education (very high value).Travel: Impressions of the local city or cuisine.Health/Hobby: Exercise, tea culture, or calligraphy.Industry Trends: General positive outlooks.
Topics to Avoid
Politics: Sensitive domestic or international issues.Religion: Personal beliefs are rarely discussed in business.Direct Criticism: Never criticize the food, the service, or the city.Money (Personal): Asking for personal salary or wealth.
Crossing the Bridge: From Dining to Business
Rarely do major decisions happen while eating. The banquet is about 情感 (Qínggǎn)—emotional connection.
Phase 1: The Feast
Banquet Toasting Cards Banquet Toasting Role-Play Cards
Lesson 3: Socializing and Guanxi Building
Cut along dotted lines • Practice formal register
Role: The Junior Employee
Objective:
Toast the visiting Chairman (董总) . Express gratitude for the opportunity to work on this project. Remember to keep your glass rim lower than theirs.
Keyword: 感谢 (Gǎnxiè - Thanks), 机会 (Jīhuì - Opportunity)
Role: The Host (CEO)
Objective:
Welcome the delegation. Propose a toast to the success of the partnership . Encourage everyone to "Eat well and drink well" (吃好喝好).
Keyword: 欢迎 (Huānyíng - Welcome), 成功 (Chénggōng - Success)
Role: The Client
Objective:
Toast your host for their hospitality (款待). Mention that you have "long heard their company's great name" (久仰大名).
Keyword: 款待 (Kuǎndài - Hospitality), 荣幸 (Róngxìng - Honor)
Role: The Mediator
Objective:
The atmosphere is getting slightly tense. Propose a lighthearted toast to friendship (友谊) to shift the focus away from business demands.
Keyword: 友谊 (Yǒuyì - Friendship), 万岁 (Wànsuì - Long live)
Role: The Specialist
Objective:
Toast the counterpart's Technical Director . Acknowledge their expertise and express excitement for working together on the implementation.
Keyword: 合作 (Hézuò - Cooperate), 敬佩 (Jìngpèi - Admire)
Role: The Non-Drinker
Objective:
You cannot drink alcohol. Propose a toast using tea (以茶代酒). You must explain this politely to avoid offending the host.
Keyword: 以茶代酒 (Yǐ chá dài jiǔ), 见谅 (Jiànliàng - Forgive)
Banquet Simulation Facilitator Notes Simulation Facilitator Notes
Lesson 3: The Banquet Simulation
Facilitation Guide
Preparation & Environment
Physical Setup
Arrange desks in a large circle or several smaller groups of 4-6 students. If possible, provide disposable cups and tea/water to simulate the physical ritual of toasting. Playing soft traditional Chinese music (Guzheng) can enhance the immersion.
Distribution
Give each student a card from the Banquet Toasting Cards set. Ensure each group has at least one "Host" and one "Client."
Simulation Phases
Phase 1: The Arrival (10 min)
Students enter the "banquet hall," exchange cards (reviewing Lesson 1 etiquette), and take their seats. They should engage in safe small talk (family, travel, weather) in Mandarin.
Phase 2: The Toasts (25 min)
The "Host" begins with a general welcome toast. Then, students must find opportunities to deliver their specific card-based toasts. Encourage them to stand up when toasting and pay close attention to the glass-height ritual.
Phase 3: The Transition (15 min)
Announce the "Fruit Plate" has arrived. The students must now wrap up their socialize-only phase and attempt to schedule the formal business meeting for the next day using the indirect language from Lesson 2.
Observation Checklist
Use this to provide feedback or assess student performance during the simulation.
Competency What to look for Physical Etiquette Does the student use two hands for cards/cups? Is the lower glass rim maintained during toasting? Register Switch Does the student shift from formal introductions to semi-formal small talk seamlessly? Toasting Grammar Correct use of "Gānbēi" vs "Sùyì" (to your heart's content)? Proper honorifics? Cultural Sensitivity Avoiding taboo topics? Dealing with non-drinking gracefully?
Facilitator Tip
"If a student gets stuck, suggest they ask about 'Měishí' (fine food). It is the most neutral and universally praised topic in a Chinese banquet, and it allows the host to gain Face by explaining the local specialties."
Contract Vocabulary Slides The Legal Foundation
Contractual Vocabulary and Specificity
"Precision is the guardian of the partnership."
甲方 (Jiǎfāng) & 乙方 (Yǐfāng)
In Chinese contracts, entities are rarely referred to by their full names repeatedly. They are assigned roles:
甲方 (Jiǎfāng) - Party A
Usually the client, the purchaser, or the dominant party.
乙方 (Yǐfāng) - Party B
Usually the service provider, the supplier, or the contractor.
"The relationship between Jia and Yi is hierarchical but bound by mutual obligation. If Jia fails to pay, Yi's duty ends."
The Five Pillars of the Agreement
有效期
Validity Period
The start and end dates of the commitment.
违约责任
Liability for Breach
What happens when someone breaks a promise?
终止条款
Termination Clause
How and when can the parties walk away?
不可抗力
Force Majeure
Natural disasters or acts of God that void duties.
保密协议
Confidentiality
Protecting trade secrets (NDA).
Spoken Promise vs. Legal Reality
口头承诺 (Kǒutóu chéngnuò)
"At the banquet, they promised we would be the exclusive partner..."
The Risk:
In Chinese law, oral agreements are difficult to prove and often superseded by the final signed 合同 (Hétóng) .
书面约定 (Shūmiàn yuēdìng)
The final written text. In Advanced Mandarin, every character counts. A change from 应当 (should/ought) to 必须 (must) can change millions of dollars in liability.
Technical Phrase:
以书面形式为准。
"Subject to the written form."
Case Study: The Hidden Loophole
"甲方应在收到货物后，根据实际情况支付余款。"
Translation: "Party A shall, after receiving the goods, pay the balance according to the actual situation."
The Problem:
The phrase 根据实际情况 (Gēnjù shíjì qíngkuàng) is dangerously vague. It allows Party A to delay or refuse payment by claiming the "situation" isn't right.
"A good negotiator is a detective of semantics."
Contract Detective Activity Contract Detective Lab
Precision and Semantic Analysis in Technical Mandarin
Lesson 4 Activity
NAME: ________________________ SCORE: ____ / 20
01
Precise vs. Vague Phrasing
Compare the pairs of clauses below. Circle the one that is more legally binding and explain why, focusing on the specific characters used.
OPTION A
"乙方应当尽快完成产品开发。"
(Party B should complete product development as soon as possible.)
OPTION B
"乙方必须在2026年3月1日前完成产品开发。"
(Party B must complete product development before March 1, 2026.)
Your Analysis:
OPTION A
"如遇不可抗力，合同自动终止。"
(In case of force majeure, the contract automatically terminates.)
OPTION B
"双方应友好协商解决合同中的争议。"
(Both parties shall resolve disputes in the contract through friendly consultation.)
Identify the "Loophole" in Option B:
02
The Redlining Challenge
Drafting Task
You are representing 乙方 (Party B) . The client, Party A, has submitted a draft that says:
This is too broad. Rewrite the clause to limit your responsibility only to losses caused directly by your gross negligence and excluding force majeure.
Your Revised Clause (Mandarin):
Helpful Vocab:
• 重大过失 (Gross negligence)
• 直接导致 (Directly cause)
• 赔偿限额 (Compensation limit)
Cultural Reminder:
While precision is key, the tone must remain professional. Avoid aggressive phrasing; use 应当 (shall) or 致力于 (be committed to) to maintain the relationship while protecting your interests.
Negotiation Brief Slides The Capstone Challenge
The Final Negotiation Simulation
Synthesizing Etiquette, Strategy, and Law.
The Context: The Smart-City Partnership
The Parties
A
华兴科技 (Huáxīng Kējì)
A massive state-owned enterprise looking to modernize city infrastructure.
B
创世创新 (Chuàngshì Chuàngxīn)
A high-growth tech startup with a proprietary AI traffic algorithm.
The Goal
Sign a Cooperation Agreement for a pilot program in Shenzhen. You must agree on pricing, IP ownership, and the duration of the trial.
Immediate Conflict
Team A has a limited budget. Team B is protective of their IP. Both need this deal to look good to their respective boards.
The Simulation Phases
1
Guanxi Phase
15 Minutes
Introductions, tea service, and small talk. Establish "Face" before talking business.
2
Bargaining Phase
45 Minutes
The formal boardroom meeting. Propose terms, use indirect refusals, and manage conflict.
3
Contract Phase
30 Minutes
Draft the final Mandarin clauses for the points agreed upon. Check for legal precision.
Assessment Focus
Honorific Consistency
Maintaining "Nin" and proper titles throughout the entire 90-minute session, even during tension.
Refusal Mastery
Avoiding the word "No." Using 恐怕 , 不便 , and institutional deflections instead.
Guanxi Navigation
Successful toasting etiquette and high-value small talk topics that build trust.
Legal Accuracy
Using technical terms (Jia fang/Yi fang, liability, termination) correctly in the final draft.
Win-Win or Lose-Lose?
"In Chinese negotiation, a 'win' isn't getting everything you want. A 'win' is leaving the table with a signed agreement and a partner who still wants to have dinner with you."
Good Luck / 祝你好运
Negotiation Team Dossiers Team A: Confidential
Company Brief: 华兴科技 (Huáxīng Kējì)
Role: 甲方 (Jiǎfāng) - The Client / State-Owned Enterprise
Your Mandate
You represent a major city-infrastructure giant. Your board has authorized you to trial an AI traffic management system, but they are skeptical of small startups like Team B. You need to ensure the partnership is low-risk and demonstrates your company's dominance.
Negotiation Objectives
Price: Your budget is capped at 5 million RMB for the pilot. Negotiate for 4 million if possible.IP: You want shared ownership of any code modified for your city's specific needs.Liabilty: You want a "Heavy Breach" clause where Team B pays 50% penalty if the trial is delayed.
"Strategy Advice"
As the "Jia fang," you have the social upper hand. Use formal honorifics to maintain your professional stature, but be firm on price. If they push back, use "institutional deflections"—blame your strict board or city regulations.
Key Phrases to Use:
• 董事会的规定 (Board regulations)
• 恐怕超出了我们的预算 (Afraid it exceeds our budget)
• 应当共同拥有 (Should have joint ownership)
For Team A eyes only • Do not share with Team B
Team B: Confidential
Company Brief: 创世创新 (Chuàngshì Chuàngxīn)
Role: 乙方 (Yǐfāng) - The Tech Startup
Your Mandate
You are a small but brilliant AI firm. Landing Team A as a client would make your company's value skyrocket. However, if they take your IP or force you into a high-penalty contract, you could go bankrupt. You must protect your technology at all costs.
Negotiation Objectives
Price: Your floor is 6 million RMB. You need this to cover high GPU server costs.IP: Absolutely no shared ownership. You can grant a "license to use," but the core code remains yours.Liabilty: You want a "Force Majeure" clause that includes server outages or data shifts beyond your control.
"Strategy Advice"
You are the "Yi fang." You must be exceptionally polite (use humble self-references like 'Bì gōngsì') to build Guanxi. Use the "Face" strategy—praise their status to make it harder for them to be "cheap" or "harsh" on you.
Key Phrases to Use:
• 核心技术 (Core technology)
• 授权使用 (Authorized use / License)
• 无法满足 (Afraid we cannot satisfy - soft refusal)
For Team B eyes only • Do not share with Team A
Negotiation Rubric Negotiation Performance Rubric
Advanced Mandarin Communication Capstone
Total Score: / 100
Criteria Exceptional (25 pts) Proficient (20 pts) Developing (15 pts) Honorifics & Hierarchy (Nin, Titles, Card Ritual) Flawless use of 您 and titles. Card ritual performed perfectly. Transitions humble/honorable forms naturally. Mostly correct honorifics. Uses titles consistently but may have minor slips in humble/honorable forms. Inconsistent use of 您 . Forgets titles occasionally. Card ritual is missing or clunky. Indirect Refusals (Kongpa, Bu fangbian, Harmony) Never says "No" directly. Masters the "institutional shield" and 恐怕 to decline requests without offense. Avoids direct "No" most of the time. Uses 不太方便 but may struggle with more complex deflections. Blunt refusals occur. Reliance on 不 (No). Harmony is visibly strained during disagreement. Guanxi & Banquet Etiquette (Toasting, Small Talk, Qínggǎn) Toasting ritual is high-level; glass height is correct. Small talk is culture-rich (family, art) and builds genuine trust. Proper toasting structure. Engages in safe small talk. Good situational awareness of social phases. Toasting is perfunctory. Small talk is limited to weather or repetitive phrases. Struggles with register switch. Contractual Precision (Legal Vocab, Jìnghuāng, Clause Drafting) Uses technical lexicon (违约责任, 终止) with 100% accuracy. Drafting is precise, avoiding all identified "loopholes." Correct use of basic legal terms. Drafting is clear but may contain minor grammatical ambiguities. Struggles with technical terms. Contract draft is too vague or fails to protect team interests.
Instructor Feedback & Observations 
