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Alfabeto y Cognados

A foundational Spanish lesson focusing on the Spanish alphabet, phonetic pronunciation rules, and cognate word recognition through syllable synthesis.

DCDulce Centeno

Alfabeto y Cognados

A foundational Spanish lesson focusing on the Spanish alphabet, phonetic pronunciation rules, and cognate word recognition through syllable synthesis.

DCDulce Centeno

El Alfabeto Worksheet

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

ESPAÑOL

El Alfabeto

Reference Guide & Pronunciation Chart

Guía Visual

Instructions: Study the 30 letters of the Spanish alphabet and their phonetic English pronunciations in the chart below. Review the key phonics notes at the bottom of this page before proceeding to the detailed pronunciation guide.

A (ah)

B (bay)

C (say)

Ch (chay)

D (day)

E (eh)

F (effay)

G (hay)

H (ah-chay)

I (ee)

J (hota)

K (kah)

L (el-ay)

LL (ay-yay)

M (emay)

N (enay)

Ñ (en-yay)

O (oh)

P (pay)

Q (coo)

R (airay)

Rr (airray)

S (essay)

T (tay)

U (oo)

V (bay)

W (doblay-bay)

X (ekees)

Y (ee-griega)

Z (sayta)

Reglas Clave

Essential Spanish Phonics Rules to Remember

•

Las Vocales: Pure monophthongs with no glides! E sounds like met (not "ay"), and O has no "w" off-glide.

•

La H Muda: The letter H is always 100% silent in standard Spanish words.

•

B and V: Both letters share the exact same sound in spoken Spanish.

•

C & G Shifts: Soft before E & I; hard before A, O, & U.

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Pronunciación

Pronunciation of Spanish Letters

Part 1: Pure Vowels & Consonants (B – LL)

Guía de Sonidos

Instructions: Spanish vowels are pure monophthongs (they never glide like English vowels). Review the exact sound descriptions below and practice pronouncing each letter clearly aloud.

Las Vocales (Pure Monophthongs) Short, crisp sounds with NO "y" or "w" off-glides

A - a "ah" as in father open throat

E - e "eh" as in met / café never glide into "y"

I - i "ee" as in machine crisp & pure

O - o "oh" as in boat clipped; no "w" glide

U - u "oo" as in flute tight lips, never "you"

Las Consonantes (Consonants • B – LL) Large Print Sound & Usage Rules

b – Pronounced like an English "b".

c – Sounds like "k" in most cases. Before "e" or "i", it sounds like an "s".

ch – Sounds like the "ch" in cheese in English.

d – Sounds like an English "d", but softer against the back of the front teeth.

f – Sounds like an "f" in English.

g – Sounds like "g" in gasp; before "e" or "i" it sounds like an English "h".

h – In general, the "h" is completely SILENT (e.g. hola = "oh-lah").

j – Sounds like an English "h" (e.g. jalapeño, jirafa).

k – Uncommon in Spanish, sounds like the English "k" (foreign loanwords).

l – Sounds like "l" in English.

ll – Has a "y" sound like the vowel sound in use or yellow.

Pronunciation Key: English "H" sounds are made by Spanish J and soft G! Consonantes (M – Z) →

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Pronunciación

Pronunciation of Spanish Letters

Part 2: Consonants (M – Z)

Guía de Sonidos

Instructions: Master the pronunciation rules for the second half of the Spanish alphabet. Pay special attention to Ñ, R/RR, and V/B.

Las Consonantes (Consonants • M – Z) Large Print Sound & Usage Rules

m – Sounds like "m" in English.

n – Sounds like "n" in English.

ñ – Sounds like the "ny" combination in canyon or onion (e.g. año, niño).

p – Sounds like "p" in English, but softer with less of an explosion of breath.

q – Always followed by "u" and makes a "k" sound (the "u" is silent, as in queso).

r – Similar to the "d" sound in caddy. When "r" begins a word, it is trilled.

rr – Strongly trilled / rolled tongue vibration (e.g. perro, carro).

s – Sounds like the English "s".

t – Sounds like "t" in English, but softer with no puff of breath afterward.

v – Much like a "b" sound in English, but softer with less aspiration.

w – Not common in Spanish; sounds like the English "w" (mainly foreign loanwords).

x – Between vowels, sounds like English "ks"; at word start, sounds like "s".

y – Sounds like Spanish "ll" (English "y"). As a standalone vowel, sounds like Spanish "i" ("ee").

z – Pronounced like the English letter "s" (in Spain, pronounced like English "th").

The tried and true way to never have to say "hay" is for horses again! Práctica de Preguntas →

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Actividad

Preguntas de Comprensión

Alphabet Phonics & Rules Practice

Hoja de Actividades

Instructions: Answer each question below using complete and accurate Spanish alphabet rules. Refer back to the pronunciation chart and phonetic rules on the reference sheets as needed.

What are the only double letters you will see in Spanish?

, , and .

There is no ph in Spanish. Instead we use: .
Which letter is completely SILENT?
Which letter sounds like the English H? .
What does QU sound like? .
Which 2 letters may change their sound depending on which vowel comes after it?

and .

There are 3 letters that may sound exactly alike:

S , , and .

These letters are almost never used (mainly borrowed words): , .
The double letter LL sounds like: .
How many sounds does each Spanish vowel have? .
Which letter sounds just like B? .
Where do accent marks fall? (vowels or consonants?) .

Práctica Oral Pronunciation Challenge: Spell your first name out loud using the Spanish letter sounds!

¡Excelente!

El Alfabeto Answer Key

TEACHER RESOURCE

El Alfabeto • Answer Key

Clave de Respuestas & Instructional Notes

Grading Key

Teacher Overview: Accept reasonable dialectal or phrasing variations as noted below. Linguistic rules and Spanish phonetics rationale are provided for each question to support review and classroom discussion.

1. Double Letters 3 Letters

Answer: RR, LL, and CC

Note: Also accept CH if using traditional alphabet classifications. In spelling, rr (carro), ll (calle), and cc (acción) are the standard double consonants.

2. Replacement for "ph" Spelling

Answer: F

Examples: Greek-derived English words with "ph" convert to "f" in Spanish: teléfono (telephone), foto (photo), filosofía (philosophy).

3. Silent Letter Silent

Answer: H (hache)

Rule: The letter H produces zero sound in standard Spanish: hola sounds like "oh-lah", hotel sounds like "oh-tel".

4. Sounds Like English "H" Sound

Answer: J (jota)

Note: Also award credit for G (when followed by e or i, e.g., gente, girar).

5. Sound of "QU" Digraph

Answer: "K" sound (hard C)

Rule: "QU" in Spanish only combines with e or i. The "u" is completely silent (e.g., queso = "kay-so", quince = "keen-say"). Never pronounced "kw".

6. Letters Changing Sounds Hard/Soft

Answer: C and G

Shift: Hard before A, O, U (cama, gato); Soft before E, I (cine, gigante).

7. 3 Letters Sounding Alike Seseo

Answer: S, C (before e/i), and Z

Note: In Latin American Spanish (*el seseo*), S, soft C, and Z all make the /s/ sound (e.g., zapato, casa, cero).

8. Rarely Used Letters Loanwords

Answer: K and W

Context: Almost exclusively appear in foreign borrowings (e.g., karate, kiwi, sándwich, wifi).

9. Sound of "LL" Pronunciation

Answer: English "Y" sound

("yah-mah"), ("tor-tee-yah"). In Argentina/Uruguay, pronounced "sh" or "zh".

Cognate Syllables Activity

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Cognados

Construye Palabras con Sílabas

Syllable Cognate Builder • Basic Words

Hoja de Trabajo

Instructions: Cognates are words that look, sound, and mean similar things in both Spanish and English. Read each syllable tile on the top line using clear Spanish vowel sounds. Then, combine them to write the full word on the Español line, and write what it means on the English line.

doc + tor

Español:

English:

pla + ne + ta

Español:

English:

mú + si + ca

Español:

English:

fa + mi + lia

Español:

English:

Phonics Tip: Spanish vowels (a, e, i, o, u) always keep one pure sound without gliding. Continúa →

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Cognados

Construye Palabras con Sílabas

Syllable Cognate Builder • Phonics Rules Focus

Hoja de Trabajo

Instructions: Pay close attention to Spanish phonics rules as you blend these syllables! The letter H is completely silent, and double RR is rolled. Write the words clearly on the lines provided.

hos + pi + tal

Español:

English:

gui + ta + rra

Español:

English:

li + món

Español:

English:

a + ni + mal

Español:

English:

Accent Mark Rule: In item 7, the written accent mark (la tilde) falls strictly on the vowel ó. Continúa →

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Cognados

Construye Palabras con Sílabas

Syllable Cognate Builder • Multi-Syllable Words

Hoja de Trabajo

Instructions: These longer cognates feature 4 syllables! Remember that Spanish does not use "ph"—instead, Spanish uses f (as in teléfono and elefante). Write each word and its meaning below.

te + lé + fo + no

Vocabulary Syllables Activity

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Los Colores

Construye Palabras con Sílabas

Spanish Color Words • Syllable Builder (Parte 1)

Hoja de Trabajo

Instructions: Say each syllable tile aloud using Spanish pronunciation rules. Then, blend the syllables together to write the Spanish color word on the Español line, and write its color in English on the English line.

ro + jo

Español:

English:

a + zul

Español:

English:

a + ma + ri + llo

Español:

English:

ver + de

Español:

English:

blan + co

Español:

English:

Phonics Tip: In amarillo, the double LL makes the English "Y" sound! Más Colores →

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Los Colores

Construye Palabras con Sílabas

Spanish Color Words • Syllable Builder (Parte 2)

Hoja de Trabajo

Instructions: Practice the remaining basic Spanish colors below! Blend each syllable smoothly from left to right, write the color in Spanish, and then write its English translation.

ne + gro

Español:

English:

a + na + ran + ja + do

Español:

English:

mo + ra + do

Español:

English:

ro + sa + do

Español:

English:

ma + rrón

Español:

English:

Bonus Color: gris (gray) has only ONE syllable! In marrón, roll the rr! Días de la Semana →

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Los Días

Construye Palabras con Sílabas

Days of the Week • Syllable Builder (Lunes - Jueves)

Hoja de Trabajo

Instructions: In Spanish, days of the week are not capitalized in standard writing! Read the syllable tiles aloud on the top line, blend them into the Spanish day name, and write the English day name on the line.

Vocabulary Syllables Answer Key

TEACHER RESOURCE

Vocabulary Syllables • Answer Key

Clave de Respuestas: Colores y Días de la Semana

Grading Key

Teacher Guide: Accept appropriate dialectal variations (e.g., anaranjado / naranja, marrón / café, rosado / rosa). Verify that students spell words correctly and apply proper Spanish accent marks.

Sección 1

Los Colores (Basic Colors) • 10 Palabras

1. [ro]+[jo] rojo = red

2. [a]+[zul] azul = blue

3. [a]+[ma]+[ri]+[llo] amarillo = yellow

4. [ver]+[de] verde = green

5. [blan]+[co] blanco = white

6. [ne]+[gro] negro = black

7. [a]+[na]+[ran]+[ja]+[do] anaranjado = orange

8. [mo]+[ra]+[do] morado = purple

9. [ro]+[sa]+[do] rosado = pink

10. [ma]+[rrón] marrón = brown

*Bonus Color: gris = gray (1 syllable). Also accept café for brown and naranja for orange.

Sección 2

Los Días de la Semana (All 7 Days)

1. [lu] + [nes] lunes

Monday

2. [mar] + [tes] martes

Tuesday

3. [miér] + [co] + [les] miércoles (accent on e)

Wednesday

4. [jue] + [ves] jueves

Thursday

5. [vier] + [nes] viernes

Friday

6. [sá] + [ba] + [do] sábado (accent on a)

Saturday

7. [do] + [min] + [go] domingo

Sunday

Orthography Rules to Verify:

Days of the week are written in lowercase in Spanish (unless starting a sentence). Only miércoles and sábado have accent marks.

Continúa en la Clave 2 →

TEACHER RESOURCE

Vocabulary Syllables • Answer Key

Clave de Respuestas: Estaciones y Meses del Año

Grading Key

Grammar & Orthography Note: Like days of the week, Spanish months are written in lowercase (e.g., enero, not Enero). The 4 seasons typically take definite articles (la primavera, el verano, el otoño, el invierno).

Sección 3

Las Estaciones (The 4 Seasons)

[pri]+[ma]+[ve]+[ra] la primavera

Spring

[ve]+[ra]+[no] el verano

Summer

[o]+[to]+[ño] el otoño

Autumn / Fall

Examples:

llama

tortilla

10. Vowel Sounds Count Las Vocales

Answer: ONE (1) sound each

Key Concept: Spanish vowels are pure monophthongs without off-glides (unlike English diphthongs like "ay" in ate or "oh-w" in go). Spanish "E" is a pure [e] as in met / café.

11. Letter Sounding Like "B" Equivalence

Answer: V (uve / ve)

Linguistics: In Spanish, "B" and "V" represent the exact same sound phonetically. There is no lip-to-teeth English "v" sound.

12. Accent Marks Position Tilde

Answer: VOWELS only

Rule: Written accents (el acento ortográfico / la tilde) fall strictly over vowels: á, é, í, ó, ú. Never over consonants.

Scoring Suggestion: 12 questions × 2 points each = 24 points total (+1 bonus point for oral spelling challenge).

Remind students that Spanish vowels are pure monophthongs: pronounced short and crisp without gliding.

Total: /24

Español:

English:

cho + co + la + te

Español:

English:

e + le + fan + te

Español:

English:

di + no + sau + rio

Español:

English:

Spelling Rule: Words with Greek roots like "phone" and "elephant" are spelled with F in Spanish! Continúa →

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Cognados

Construye Palabras con Sílabas

Syllable Cognate Builder • Advanced Multi-Syllable Words

Hoja de Trabajo

Instructions: Master these challenging 4 and 5 syllable cognates! Blend each syllable smoothly from left to right, write the full Spanish cognate, and then write its English translation.

fan + tás + ti + co

Español:

English:

me + di + ci + na

Español:

English:

res + tau + ran + te

Español:

English:

com + pu + ta + do + ra

Español:

English:

Desafío Oral Pronounce all 16 cognates aloud to a partner with accurate Spanish vowel sounds. Tap the table for each syllable!

¡Excelente trabajo!

lu + nes

Español:

English:

mar + tes

Español:

English:

miér + co + les

Español:

English:

jue + ves

Español:

English:

Phonics Tip: In jueves, the letter J sounds like the English "H"! Viernes a Domingo →

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Los Días

Construye Palabras con Sílabas

Days of the Week • Syllable Builder (Viernes - Domingo)

Hoja de Trabajo

Instructions: Complete the final three days of the week, including the weekend (*el fin de semana*)! Blend each syllable smoothly and write your answers clearly with spacious handwriting.

vier + nes

Español:

English:

sá + ba + do

Español:

English:

do + min + go

Español:

English:

Review: Notice how miércoles and sábado are the only two days with written accent marks (tildes)! Las Estaciones →

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Las Estaciones

Construye Palabras con Sílabas

The Four Seasons • Syllable Builder

Hoja de Trabajo

Instructions: There are four seasons in the year (*las cuatro estaciones*). Say each syllable aloud, write the complete Spanish season on the Español line, and write its English name on the English line.

pri + ma + ve + ra

Español:

English:

ve + ra + no

Español:

English:

o + to + ño

Español:

English:

in + vier + no

Español:

English:

Phonics Tip: In otoño, notice the uniquely Spanish letter Ñ (eñe)! Los Meses (Parte 1) →

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Los Meses

Construye Palabras con Sílabas

Months of the Year • Syllable Builder (Enero - Abril)

Hoja de Trabajo

Instructions: Spanish months are written in lowercase! Read each syllable tile on the top line, blend the syllables together to write the Spanish month, and write its English name on the line.

e + ne + ro

Español:

English:

fe + bre + ro

Español:

English:

mar + zo

Español:

English:

a + bril

Español:

English:

Pronunciation Tip: In febrero, blend the "br" cluster smoothly! Mayo a Agosto →

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Los Meses

Construye Palabras con Sílabas

Months of the Year • Syllable Builder (Mayo - Agosto)

Hoja de Trabajo

Instructions: Practice blending the late spring and summer months below! Read each syllable tile on the top line and write your answers clearly with spacious handwriting.

ma + yo

Español:

English:

ju + nio

Español:

English:

ju + lio

Español:

English:

a + gos + to

Español:

English:

Phonics Tip: In junio and julio, the letter J sounds like English "H"! Septiembre a Diciembre →

Nombre y apellido:

Clase:

Los Meses

Construye Palabras con Sílabas

Months of the Year • Syllable Builder (Septiembre - Diciembre)

Hoja de Trabajo

Instructions: Complete the final four months of the year below! Blend each syllable smoothly from left to right, write the month in Spanish, and then write its English translation.

sep + tiem + bre

Español:

English:

oc + tu + bre

Español:

English:

no + viem + bre

Español:

English:

di + ciem + bre

Español:

English:

Desafío Oral State today's full date in Spanish aloud: "Hoy es [día], el [número] de [mes]..."

¡Excelente!

[in]+[vier]+[no] el invierno

Winter

Sección 4

Los Meses del Año (All 12 Months)

1. [e]+[ne]+[ro] enero = January

2. [fe]+[bre]+[ro] febrero = February

3. [mar]+[zo] marzo = March

4. [a]+[bril] abril = April

5. [ma]+[yo] mayo = May

6. [ju]+[nio] junio = June

7. [ju]+[lio] julio = July

8. [a]+[gos]+[to] agosto = August

9. [sep]+[tiem]+[bre] septiembre = September

10. [oc]+[tu]+[bre] octubre = October

11. [no]+[viem]+[bre] noviembre = November

12. [di]+[ciem]+[bre] diciembre = December

Suggested Scoring Rubric:

10 colors + 7 days + 4 seasons + 12 months = 33 items (1 pt for correct Spanish spelling + 1 pt for English meaning = 66 pts total).

Total: /66

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